Codes and Notes on Public International Law - 10497 Words

CODES AND NOTES ON PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW by PORFERIO JR. and MELFA SALIDAGA NOTES ON PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES Nature and Scope Public International Law – It is the body of rules and principles that are recognized as legally binding and which govern the relations of states and other entities invested with international legal personality. Formerly known as â€Å"law of nations† coined by Jeremy Bentham in 1789. Three Major Parts of Public International Law 1. Laws of Peace – normal relations between states in the absence of war. 2. Laws of War – relations between hostile or belligerent states during wartime. 3. Laws of Neutrality – relations between a non-participant state and a participant state during wartime.†¦show more content†¦Art. X, Sec. 2(2) provides that â€Å"all cases involving the constitutionality of any treaty, executive agreement or law shall be heard and decided by the Supreme Court en banc, and no treaty, executive agreement or law may be declared unconstitutional without the concurence of ten justices.† The Constitution authorizes the nullification of a treaty not only when it conflicts with the Constitution but also when it runs counter to an act of Congress. (Gonzales v. Hechanova). CODES AND NOTES ON PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW by PORFERIO JR. and MELFA SALIDAGA Basis of Public International Law Three theories on this matter: 1. The Naturalist – under this theory, there is a natural and universal principle of right and wrong, independent of any mutual intercource or compact, which is supposed to be discovered and recognized by every individual through the use of his reason and his conscience. 2. The Positivist – under this theory, the binding force of international law is derived from the agreement of sovereign states to be bound by it. It is not a law of subordination but of coordination. 3. The Eclectics or Groatians – this theory offers both the law of nature and the consent of states as the basis of international law. It contends that the system of international law is based on the â€Å"dictate of rightShow MoreRelatedUnethical Business Practices Of Multinational Companies1512 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This paper discusses the unethical business practices of multinational companies, which have become a concern on a national and international level. While the convergence of accounting standards remains a challenge, so has a set of ethical standards. The need for a global set of standards has become paramount over the last decade. Through my extensive review and research of literature, there appears to be an ongoing need for convergence. The study concludes that through cooperative effortsRead MoreCorporate Business Behavior in Germany1252 Words   |  6 Pagesbusiness and international trade. While Germany had, in the past, been recognized as a model for personal and business ethics, it was a little more than fifteen years ago that their clean image began to show signs of wear. It is hard to know for sure, though, if it is a case of new issues with ethics, or if globalization is simply shedding a new light on an age old problem. It seems feasible, to me, that businesses have been dealing with their own issues without allowing the public to have knowledgeRead MoreBackground And Legislative Framework : Australia1453 Words   |  6 PagesAustralia is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Working Group on Bribery and a party to the key international conventions concerned with combating foreign bribery. Australia is a party to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (the Anti-Bribery Convention). Australia is also a party to the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC)Read MoreConstitutional Jurisdiction of the United Kingdom1029 Words   |  4 PagesCommon Law evolved through judge made laws and jurist activity cannot be denied. It is a fact that the English common law has its roots in the Roman Common Law. (Allison, 2000, p. 37) However the Roman lawyers did not distinguish between private and public law and jurisprudence. Evolving law: Difference between the legislated law, codified and the common law is that while the legislated law may be subject to interpretation by the judiciary, the judiciary cannot make laws or modify the codes. InRead MoreCosta Rica s Law And The Civil Law1659 Words   |  7 Pages Costa Rica’s laws are rooted in civil law rather than the common law to which Americans are accustomed. Civil law can trace its origins back to the time of the Roman Empire, which served as the foundation for the Napoleonic codes passed during the French Revolution. The Spanish law code upon which Costa Rica’s laws are based is rooted in those Napoleonic codes due to Napoleon’s acquisition of numerous countries that included Spain (Costa Rica civil law, n.d.). Laws in the country of Costa Rica areRead MoreCorporate Fraud And The Effective Management Of Accounting And Finance Functions1679 Words   |  7 Pageswithin these two categories lies deontology and utilitarianism, both of which play an important role relating to ethics in accounting and finance. What is Deontology? The first theory, deontology, is discussed in an article by Van Staveren, who notes that deontology has attracted the attention of many economists (2007, p 23). When compared to other theories, deontology is revered as the Christian world-view perspective. Deontology is a type of unqualified absolutism theory (Geisler, 2010, pRead MoreEssay on Legislation of ICT1190 Words   |  5 Pagespatents act in 1989 The act gives the creators of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works the right to control the ways in which their material may be used. The rights cover: broadcast and public performance, copying, adapting, issuing, renting and lending copies to the public. In many cases, the creator of the piece will also have the right to be identified as the author and to object to distortions and mutilations of his work. Copyright rises when an individualRead MoreInternational Auditing Standards And Standards1522 Words   |  7 Pages International Auditing Standards Put your name here Put the name of your school / university here United States of America In the United States, the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) works as an independent body, setting standards for auditing under the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). The IAASB establishes the best quality auditing, quality control, assurance, and related services in order to ensure uniformity of practice by professionals allRead Morecorruption : the international evolution Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿CASE N °2  «Ã‚  Corruption: The international evolution of new management challenges â€Å" School year 2013 - 2014 Introduction Since the phenomenon of globalization, companies that decided to broaden their horizons have to face multiple challenges and their management functions need some adaptations. While going abroad, companies may become concerned with the subject of corruption that makes the business with foreign countries even more complicated. Even if there is a willingness to fight and reduceRead MoreInternational Business Machine s Ethical Problems1505 Words   |  7 Pages One of International Business Machine’s ethical problems was bribing a few government officials in a foreign country. This business was investigated over allegations made by South Korea and Chinese government officials. They received about two hundred thousand and seven hundred dollars in bribes from 1998 to 2003. In return, the Chinese and South Koreans hand over contracts for computer gear to International Business Machines. All though IBM did not admit to the allegations, they did paid the ten

Anita Moorjani s Traditional Hindu Heritage - 1638 Words

Anita Moorjani did not have your typical upbringing. She was of Indian decent and her family was of traditional Hindu heritage, but Anita grew up in Hong Kong with a British education. Growing up, her closest friend was her family’s servant and her nanny Ah Fong who taught her Cantonese and Chinese culture. Her friends at school spoke English and practiced British customs. She spoke three languages, cultures and ways of life but always had a hunger for more. At the same time this left her very confused about who she was and where she fit in. She loved her family and never wanted to be a problem for them yet she couldn’t follow the Hindu customs. A big turning point for her was after her parents picked a suitable groom and she was unable to†¦show more content†¦Anita set out to find a cure in India. She spent 6 months there where a yoga master gave her a strict regimen to follow of a diet, herbal remedies, and yoga. He believed in keeping the body balance and ri dding your body of the bad. When Anita told him he had cancer, he responded â€Å"Cancer is just a word that creates fear. Forget about that word, and let’s just focus on balancing your body. All illness are just symptoms of imbalance. No illness can remain when your entire system is in balance† (pg 50). From this point forward, Anita focused on balancing her body and life. The cancer metastasized throughout her entire body and sent her to the hospital where she was near death. During her near death experience (NDE) she was able to see those who have passed on such as her father and Soni, and learned of the purpose of life. She describes it as a tapestry where each life is woven together with a purpose. From this, she learned her life is not yet over and she will be healed. Days after she wakes up, the doctors are flabbergasted to learn that her cancer is nowhere to be found. She knows she is healed as she now has balance. Feeling Helpless: Cancer is an ugly disease and can cause ugly emotions, fears, and issues. Not only does the patient have to cope worry and stress of the new diagnosis as well as their family but also with the treatments for the illness and the side effects that they brings on as well. â€Å"These effects contribute to

Nacl on Peroxidase Activity Free Essays

NaCl Effects on Peroxidase Activity My experiment was to see if adding NaCl to solution would have any effects on peroxidase activity. The materials that were used in this experiment were pH 7 buffer(DI water), peroxidase, NaCl, guaiacol and hydrogen peroxide; added in that order. Blanks were created for each NaCl concentration, 0%, 5%, 7. We will write a custom essay sample on Nacl on Peroxidase Activity or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5% and 10%. Each cuvette had . 5ml of pH 7 buffer, 1ml of peroxidase, . 02ml guaiacol for the experimental cuvettes and 0ml of guaiacol for the blank cuvettes, . 2ml of hydrogen peroxide and . ml of different concentrated NaCl in each cuvette. When it came to recording data for my experiment, I placed the cuvette in the spectrometer, which was set to 500nm, after adding the guaiacol and hydrogen peroxide right before. I recorded the absorbance every 15 seconds for 3 minutes. I ran the experiment twice for precision and got the average of the two tests. I then entered the data into JMP and made two graphs; one to see the relationship between the concentration of NaCl and activity and the other to see how salt affect enzyme activity. The first graph only required the time and the mean absorbance. To make the second graph, I had to find Time X, the time where reaction starts to slow down, which in my case was 90 seconds. The axes for the graph were Time X as the y-axis and NaCl concentrations as the x-axis. The graphs showed me that there is a relationship between NaCl concentrations and peroxidase activity. More the concentration of NaCl, the faster the reaction occurs. How to cite Nacl on Peroxidase Activity, Papers

Ben and Jerrys Management Style free essay sample

Ben and Jerry’s ice cream has been in business since 1978. It began with Ben Cohen Jerry Greenfield and a combined life savings of $8,000. These two young men had a vision and were able to develop into one of the most successful ice cream businesses in America. Most importantly, they have employee’s that genuinely enjoy working for the company and are motivated to go to work. How does this company do it? This essay will explore how Ben and Jerry’s motivate its employees by having values and a goal-oriented business. There are some defining terms and concepts to have a general understanding of before reviewing the success of Ben and Jerry’s. One of those is understanding what individuals perceive and why they believe in a company or a product. The actual definition of perception is the act of using the senses to become aware of the environment (Bowman). People use perception to create their own beliefs about themselves and their surroundings, and in turn, create their values (Bowman). If managers can understand an employee’s â€Å"mental map†, or perception, they can then truly lead that person and create solutions to problems for a win-win solution (Bowman). The problem with individual perceptions is that they are not always correct and are easily transformed into what we want to believe or value. This is a big challenge for many employers to address with their employees. It is impossible to motivate or get productivity out of someone if they perceive the company negatively. Ben and Jerry’s have been able to combine perceptions, values and beliefs of the company with their employees, and customers to create their positive environment. It starts with the company’s product mission statement that states, â€Å"To make, distribute sell the finest quality all natural ice cream euphoric concoctions with a continued commitment to incorporating wholesome, natural ingredients and promoting business practices that respect the Earth and the Environment†. This statement clearly states the company’s goals for all employees and customers to know. The company wants to make sure that everyone can have pride in knowing they are using the finest quality ingredients and implementing business practices employees can take pride in. The unique thing to notice is that Ben and Jerry’s not only has a product mission statement, but also has an economic and social mission statement. In these two statements, the company shows it is serious about expanding opportunities for development, career growth for their employees, and sustaining a good quality of life. Another concept that can be applied to Ben and Jerry’s success with satisfied employees is the Employee Satisfaction Model. The job facets that are visible in Ben and Jerry’s are clear in their mission statements. Some of these facets include the ability for promotions and increasing pay rates, company policies, and the clear mission of the company to name a few (Scholl). Because these job facets are in place, it creates a positive cognitive and affective response, which in turn, creates job satisfaction (Scholl). The cognitive component, or an individual’s perception regarding the organization, is evident from the reward system they have in place to the satisfaction employee’s have with their role and tasks they accomplish on a day-to-day basis. The affective component creates satisfaction as well. Employees genuinely enjoy social interactions at work, which evoke a positive image of the organization (Scholl). How does all this affect motivation? First, it is important to understand that motivation is the set of processes that moves a person toward a goal (Allen). Goal setting is perhaps the strongest of all forces for personal motivation (Abernathy). There are many organizations that do not succeed because organizational goals are not communicated or created. An important fact to remember is that goals serve as guidelines for action, directing and channeling employee efforts (Organizational Goals). Ben and Jerry’s organizational goals are clear in the product, economic and social mission statements. Some factors that Allen states that affect work motivation include: individual differences, job characteristics, and organizational practices. Individual differences are the personal needs, values, attitudes, interests, and abilities that people bring to their jobs. The individual difference inside Ben and Jerry’s is one source of their success. The organization uses reward inducement system that offers money to employees for their own ideas on how to do things better or how to create a better work environment. This actually has potential to capture what individual employee’s value. Most importantly, most employee go to work for Ben and Jerry’s because they truly believe in what the company is doing and how they are doing it. Ben and Jerry’s are extremely environmentally friendly, which employee’s can take pride in. If you look at the Ben and Jerry’s website, you can see that their focus is on children and families, the environment and sustainable agriculture on family farms. Once again, these things are what their employees value. The organization has a casual dress requirement as well. Their philosophy is that employee’s should be comfortable at work. Comfort equals happy and motivated people, which then increase productivity. The company also brings in massage therapist for their 12-hour shift laborers to help motivate them. It is apparent that Ben and Jerry’s goal is to create a pleasurable work place and reinforce individuals self worth (Scholl). Generally, if employees have a positive affect, they tend to evaluate the organization positively (Scholl). From the beginning in 1978 to the present day Ben and Jerry’s has been a unique organization. It is evident that they have strived to be a company that people really want to work for. Creating this image and making it a success is extremely challenging. What makes this organization so great to work for starts with its product, economic, and social mission statements. There is no doubt, what the company stands for and what it wants to do in the future. This makes it so easy for their employees to understand what the organizations goals are. When a company can create an environment that is casual, comfortable, and thrives to hear from their employees motivation is easy to achieve.